Shin Godzilla (2016)
After the success of Legendary’s Godzilla, Toho would formally announce the development of their new Godzilla movie in December of 2014. Their film titled Shin Gojira would have Hideaki Anno, known for his anime series Neon Genesis Evangelion, and special effects guru Shinji Higuchi co-directing. Shin Godzilla would once again touch on its nuclear message as a direct response to the 3/11 Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami and the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear powerplant meltdown. The film would also be a social commentary of the Japanese government’s response to the disaster. What ultimately separates this new entry from the original and 2014 entry is how the film examines Japan’s place within the global world and its relationship with the U.S.
Early on, Higuchi signaled that Godzilla would return to his nuclear origin and disaster roots that have waxed and waned throughout his long history. In an interview, Higuchi would say that he wanted to make this new version of Godzilla stand out from the more heroic and friendly monster many had become accustomed to seeing, “the world has lost too much of its innocence after the 9/11 terrorist attacks in the U.S., and the 3/11 tsunami and nuclear disaster in Fukushima in northeastern Japan, with the arrival of ‘the real monsters of the world’ (Nakao). While Higuchi does connect the actions of terrorists to those of monsters, the events of 3/11 were not brought about by the actions of a person or group of people; it was a natural disaster. In the same interview, Higuchi goes on to acknowledge genre conventions in monster films, saying, “in movie after movie, people merely ran away from the stampeding monster, and no one tried to face up to the issue of accountability” (Nakao). Higuchi is providing some insight to what the theme and issues this new Godzilla would tackle. Just as the original was a response to the nuclear bombs and pacific nuclear testing, this Godzilla would be a response to 3/11 and the failures of Japanese officials handling the disaster.
From the opening sequences, the film has several familiar iconographies from the first film, a Japanese boat stranded in Tokyo Bay with no one aboard and a written warning of a creature. The audience is then introduced to multiple characters as a large tail appears in Tokyo Bay. While many Godzilla films would have a relatively small cast, Shin Gojira has numerous characters with each having different titles within the government appearing on screen. The audience may get disoriented by this tactic. However, this choice has reasoning as it parallels the situation happening in the government during 3/11. Rando Yaguchi, played by Hiroki Hasegawa, is the closest to being the main character of the film. Yaguchi is the Deputy Chief Cabinet Secretary, and while the title may sound impressive, he is relatively low on the totem pole. The film uses Yaguchi as a lens into the world of Japanese politics and the bureaucratic red tape that exists. As Roland Kelts states, the depiction of politicians “selfishly fumbling their response to a crisis born of radiation delivered a sharp domestic sting.” When an action is suggested, a meeting needs to happen which might need more meetings to discuss such actions to the point where the film slowly becomes a political satire.
Yaguchi would lead a group of scientists that is also made up of interesting characters in order to figure out what exactly Godzilla is and how to defeat this creature. If the military, both Japanese and American, cannot defeat Godzilla, then it is up to the outcasts of society to serve as the last line of defense. Yaguchi for most of the movie is hamstrung about what he and his group can do until the end of the film. Yaguchi is given research that belonged to a scientist that was studying Godzilla long before his appearance. There is a parallel to particle physicist Professor Ryugo Hayano drawing public attention to SPEEDI, a Japan-based simulation system designed to forecast real-time radiation. Hayano tweeted about its existence and the subsequent lack of utilization by Japanese officials (Imaoka 206). Yaguchi seems to be the only official that wants to use this research to defeat Godzilla with his group, finding a way to at least freeze Godzilla. However, American officials would decide to ultimately use an atomic weapon in an attempt to kill Godzilla. Yaguchi wholeheartedly disagrees with this decision and is able to get some time to implement his plan to freeze Godzilla which resembles the efforts of Japanese workers trying to cool down the Fukushima reactors. Yaguchi transforms from being a character the audience sees through; he becomes a character that reflects the frustration that exists with the establishment.
Another key character is Kayoko Ann Patterson played by Satomi Ishihara. She is a Japanese American and serves as a link for Japan and America. and serves as a link for Japan and America. While previous Japanese Godzilla movies would have American characters such as Astronaut Glenn played by Nick Adams in Invasion of Astro-Monster, these characters would work in tandem with their Japanese counterparts to fight off alien threats. Patterson, on the other hand, is a character that reflects the relationship between Japan and the U.S. Patterson’s goal in the film is to one day become the President of the United States. This small line is a reference to how whiteness is perceived in Japan. Michael Prieler analyzed Japanese commercials where his study found that whiteness functions as the “transparent and free-floating signifier of upward mobility and assimilation in ‘world culture,’ it is the primary sign of the modern, the universal subject, the “citizen of the world”’ (145). Her actions also reflect this upward mobility as she influences how certain actions from both countries are done. She shares the research that the United States has about Godzilla with Japan but also delays the nuclear option America wants to push. Before, the Japanese government had an overreliance on the JSDF and the American military to defeat Godzilla, both of which proved to be ineffective. When she learns about Yaguchi’s plan, she becomes a key factor in rallying other nations to help freeze Godzilla by supplying Japan with enough coolant.
The most important character in the film is Godzilla himself, whose appearance is heavily altered throughout the film. The opening sequences in the film only show Godzilla’s tail rising from Tokyo Bay as it slowly heads to the city. As the Japanese government tries to figure out what Godzilla is, they hold a press conference where they state that they believe the creature would not make landfall, only for the creature to do exactly that. Godzilla is then shown as it waddles in a street as people run away. Images and videos of Godzilla’s destruction are captured not by news organizations, but by civilians on the ground, echoing the role of social media during 3/11. Godzilla, however, is not the Godzilla audiences are familiar with. Instead, this Godzilla has a yellow pigment, googly eyes, and very short nubs for arms. This is a far cry from the large, charcoal black, indestructible monster that has terrorized cinema for sixty years. However, from the close-up shots of the buildings being destroyed and wide shots of water coming ashore, there is no hiding the monster is the embodiment of each disaster that took place on 3/11. The first form in Tokyo Bay caused damage resembling an earthquake by destroying and cracking bridges. This form, nicknamed Kamata-Kun, caused damage resembling the Tsunami. For Godzilla’s second form named Shinagawa-Kun, he stands up and immediately starts to heat up like the Fukushima reactors when they were damaged by the tsunami before scrambling back to Tokyo Bay.
Godzilla would emerge in his final form, now closely resembling his traditional design with very apparent changes. His skin is heavily scarred, his teeth are jagged and sticking out, and he has very small arms. This Godzilla would also be the tallest at the time in a live-action Godzilla film. Throughout the years, Godzilla has changed its size as Japanese buildings would be built taller than previous incarnations. Keane states that disaster movies benefit from issues of scale as the sense of “overwhelming forces on their way to destroying major cities, from “off-screen” approach to “on-screen” impact” (87). Low angle shots show the perspectives of human characters and aerial shots show how this Godzilla dwarfs almost every building in Japan striking fear into the characters. Military also prove to be useless as nothing penetrates Godzilla`s indestructible skin characterizing him as a perfect being. This version of Godzilla is also somewhat sympathetic as other incarnations of the character were. While his appearance and mere presence resemble that of the original with keloid scars, this Godzilla seems to be unaware of humanity and its actions to destroy it. This changes of course when the U.S deploys stealth bombers to kill the beast. Surprisingly, this works and injures Godzilla which then unveils a horrifying revelation. Godzilla regenerates and is able to fire its signature atomic beams from its spines. As Godzilla unleashes its beams, a trait the franchise has always chosen to retcon comes back. As the beams unleash radiation and their spread is seen through radiation maps, these, too, also strongly resemble maps depicting radiation plumes during the release of radioactive material during Fukushima. The wide shots show the destructive power Godzilla unleashes as he cuts a swathe through downtown Tokyo. The music track for this scene titled “Who Will Know”, however, depicts Godzilla’s point of view. The lyrics depict a being questioning if someone will remember them after death. This is a somber track for what is a horrifying scene.
At the end of the film, Godzilla is frozen by a coagulant in a chaotic action scene where the people are dressed in protective gear, calling back to the scenes of workers trying to cool the Fukushima reactors. While the film breaks down and criticizes the way the Japanese government handled the 3/11 disaster, some Japanese politicians actually used this film to push an expansion of the Japanese Self Defense Force to act more like a military. Former Prime Minister Shinzo Abe praised the film stating, “I think that [Godzilla’s] popularity is rooted in the unwavering support that the public has for the Self-Defense Forces” (Fifield). The film also portrays the military as a stronger sense that can act by itself, calling into question Article 9. These two questions are not new as they are heavy political and social issues in Japan for decades. However, the film also questions the actions of the Japanese government that tries to hide critical information from the public to not start a full-on panic. Abe’s remarks and nationalist view also contradicts what ultimately defeated Godzilla, not the military might of a particular nation but the work of experts that warned the government only to be dismissed until it was the last resort. The film, therefore, calls for political reform and to reexamine how the government should change by informing the public while asking how Japan views its relationship with America. While the door is open for left-leaning reforms, the door is also open to more conservative policies.
Sources
Fifield, Anna. “The New Godzilla Film Imagines a Strong Japan Pushing Back against the U.S.” The Washington Post, WP Company, 23 Sept. 2016, www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/new-godzilla-film-imagines-a-strong-japan-pushing-back-against-the-us/2016/09/23/ddd7d5c4-7f70-11e6-ad0e-ab0d12c779b1_story.html.
Imaoka, Laura Beltz, and Diane Negra. “Rain with a Chance of Radiation.” Extreme Weather and Global Media, edited by Julia Leyda, 1st Edition ed., Routledge, 2015, pp. 191–213.
Keane, Stephen. Disaster Movies: The Cinema of Catastrophe. (London: Wallflower Press, 2006).
Kelts, Roland. “Godzilla Shows Japan's Real Fear Is Sclerotic Bureaucracy Not Giant Reptiles.” The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 21 Aug. 2017, www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/aug/21/resurgence-shin-godzilla-japanese-culture-film-japan.
Nakao, Yuriko. “Japan's 'Godzilla' Director Wants to Surprise.” The Jakarta Post, 5 Aug. 2015, www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/08/05/japans-godzilla-director-wants-surprise.html.
Prieler, Michael. (2010). Othering, racial hierarchies, and identity construction in Japanese television advertising. International Journal of Cultural Studies, 13(5), 511–529 (SSCI).